Importance: Spanish-speaking populations represent a significant percentage of occupational therapy clientele globally. Culturally appropriate Spanish translations of assessments are therefore imperative. This study describes the process of a culturally adapted translation of a set of tests for use with Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. Objective: To produce a culturally adapted Spanish translation of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration^® (EASI) for international use. Method: We used cultural adaptation methodology that included direct and back translations of the EASI by bilingual translators and interviews with pediatric occupational therapists and children ages 3–6 yr from Spain. Linguistic experts helped revise the translations, and pediatric occupational therapy leaders in five Spanish-speaking North and South American countries reviewed the translations for comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness. Results: Back translations demonstrated equivalence with the original EASI tests except for a few test instructions and scoring criteria. Interviews with occupational therapists and children in Spain revealed some comprehension difficulties for several tests, which were revised in consultation with a linguistic expert. Additional adaptations were made on the basis of recommendations to address cultural differences by occupational therapy leaders from five North and South American countries. Most changes in wording were made in one EASI test (Praxis: Following Directions) that is heavily dependent on language comprehension. Conclusions and Relevance: We used currently recommended methodologies to develop and adapt a Spanish translation of the EASI for use across diverse cultures. What This Article Adds: A Spanish translation of the EASI has been developed for use in culturally diverse Spanish-speaking countries around the world.

Date Presented 04/13/21 Children with cancer treated with platinum-based chemotherapy are at risk for developing hearing impairment (HI), one of several late effects associated with treatment. HI is associated with decreased socioemotional development, academic performance, and quality of life (QOL) among survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. This is the first study to examine the impact of ototoxic HI on cognition and QOL among a cohort of survivors of pediatric non-CNS cancers. Primary Author and Speaker: Taniya Easow Varughese Contributing Authors: Julia Ferringer, Emily Grambo, Hannah Murkens, Jillian Smith, and Emily Scifo

Date Presented 04/8/21 Vietnamese therapists developed constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) models and completed a prospective nonrandomized study at two hospitals in Vietnam. Therapists at Hanoi Rehab Hospital delivered a low-dose (30-hour) CIMT protocol, and therapists in Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital delivered a high-dose (72-hour) CIMT protocol. Children in both low- and high-dose CIMT groups showed improvements in everyday activities and individual therapy goals. This study advances the delivery of evidence-based practice in Vietnam. Primary Author and Speaker: Patricia Coker-Bolt Additional Authors and Speakers: Katherine Breithaupt Contributing Authors: Lauren Williams

Date Presented 04/9/21 The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Patient Reported Outcome (PEDI-PRO) is a self-report of functional performance designed for transition-age youth with developmental disabilities (DD) ages 14–22. We evaluated the usability of the PEDI-PRO software in clinical practice and established the reliability and accessibility of the PEDI-PRO user interface. Results indicate that the PEDI-PRO software is easy to use in clinical practice, and the accessibility features appear to support reliable reporting of daily activities, social–cognitive, and mobility function by youth with DD. Primary Author and Speaker: Jessica Kramer

Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. Hospital discharge readiness is an important yet often elusive matter for pediatric patients, families, and health care providers. Caregiver readiness for discharge should be assessed both at admission and before discharge to allow for timely education and training. The Pediatric Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale is recommended for use by OTs in an acute rehabilitation setting because they harness the unique ability to address both physical and psychosocial aspects of the child and family encompassed by the measure. Primary Author and Speaker: Lori B. Ragni Additional Authors and Speakers: Camille Velasco, Teresa Fitzsimons, and Katie Shniderman

Date Presented 04/13/21 This study examines the current practices of OTs in the treatment of sleep difficulties in children. The study used a survey design to explore assessment methods, interventions, and preparedness of pediatric OTs in addressing sleep. The study lays the foundation for the need for future research in effectiveness of sleep interventions in the pediatric population. Primary Author and Speaker: Aimee Piller Additional Authors and Speakers: Kimberly Lieberman, Abraham Kim, Erin Thrasher, and Theresa Guzaldo

Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. This proposal will present and review data from a fidelity-of-intervention tool currently used to evaluate the fidelity of implementation in pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (pCIMT). Measuring treatment fidelity in OT environments will allow therapists to translate core components of therapies that have been scientifically validated as efficacious. This is critical for pCIMT as it is widely used in the treatment of children with hemiparesis across clinical settings Primary Author and Speaker: Megan D. Price Contributing Authors: Stephanie DeLuca, Sharon Landesman Ramey, Amy Darragh, and Rich Stevenson

Date Presented 04/13/21 Children with unilateral cerebral palsy participating in repeat doses of pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy camp augmented with the Hocoma Armeo®Spring demonstrated significant improvements in hand function and bimanual performance for both doses and showed a generalized upward trend in hand function over time. Primary Author and Speaker: Heather Roberts Additional Authors and Speakers: Sara P. Johnston, David Plutschack

Date Presented 04/13/21 This study assesses reliability and accuracy of the Head Control Scale (HCS) when used by inexperienced raters. Physical therapy and OT students used the HCS to rate five videotaped pediatric subjects. The kappa coefficient for interrater reliability among students was "almost perfect" (>.80). In one subscale, when comparing student raters with clinicians, there was strong agreement in grading between each group. The HCS may be consistently used by both new and experienced raters. Primary Author and Speaker: Amy Armstrong-Heimsoth Additional Authors and Speakers: Emily Mei Chun, Elizabeth Diane Hesse, Kelsey E. Ranneklev, and Camila E. Sanchez

Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. Patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) adoption with youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) faces obstacles but is important for client-centered care. We collected data from pediatric practitioners who work with youth with IDD (N = 113) about factors influencing PROM adoption and the frequency of PROM use by age. Results suggest evidence, time, and accessibility are important factors for PROM adoption, and clinicians infrequently use PROMs with this population. Primary Author and Speaker: Kimberly Greenberg Additional Authors and Speakers: Ariel E. Schwartz Contributing Authors: Jessica Kramer

This case report describes the distinct value of occupational therapy services in the treatment of a pediatric patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in an acute care setting. Practice-based evidence was used to design the treatment plan for this patient throughout the course of his hospital stay. Interventions addressed range of motion, strength, functional endurance, activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and functional cognition. Occupational therapy goals focused on the progression toward return to baseline functioning and participation in ADLs and IADLs.

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric occupational therapy practitioners interview parents on a daily basis to gain important patient information and develop collaborative intervention goals. A standardized parent experience was developed to help master’s-level occupational therapy students gain the skills needed to interview parents after their child’s traumatic injury. This article describes the pedagogical approach used to develop the standardized parent experience and reports the students’ general perspectives related to this assignment. METHOD. Outcome data were collected through focus groups (n = 9) and document review (n = 12) and then analyzed for themes. RESULTS. Two main themes emerged from the data: It felt real and It helped me to think deeper. CONCLUSION. A standardized parent experience may help occupational therapy students develop the habits of mind associated with collaboration.

OBJECTIVE. To analyze the content of publications in 5 occupational therapy journals to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the literature base from 2006 to 2010. METHOD. A content analysis for 2006 through 2010 of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT), Australian Occupational Therapy Journal (AOTJ), British Journal of Occupational Therapy (BJOT), Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (CJOT), and Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy (SJOT) was completed. RESULTS. AJOT and SJOT had the highest percentage of articles focusing on physical disabilities, whereas a majority of articles in AOTJ, BJOT, and CJOT focused on education. SJOT published articles with the highest median number of participants in all research designs excluding descriptive studies. The majority of the research articles were descriptive for all journals. CONCLUSION. From 2006 to 2010, AJOT provided stronger evidence conducted at higher levels than the other journals by publishing more articles investigating interventions used to support clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether pediatric occupational therapy practitioners implemented family-centered principles in their practice. METHOD: Twenty-eight occupational therapy practitioners were interviewed in three practice settings: home based, clinic based, and school based. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze the results. Responses were compared across respondents and across practice settings. RESULTS: Responses varied among practitioners and, more significantly, practice settings. A continuum of family-centered practice was demonstrated, with home-based practice as the most family centered, school-based practice as the least family centered, and clinic practice varying in between. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapy practitioners are familiar with most principles of family-centered practice. However, implementation of those principles differs significantly across practice settings.

This qualitative study investigated the perceptions of play experiences and rationales for play choices of 6 boys and 4 girls between the ages of 7 and 11 years. Individual in-depth interviews were completed and then transcribed, and the transcripts were coded and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Fun emerged from the data as the core category explaining the choice of specific play activities for children, and 4 additional categories of characteristics surfaced as contributors to the children’s perception of fun: relational, activity, child, and contextual. The relationships among the core category, the 4 characteristics categories, and the development of play preference and meaningfulness are illustrated in the Dynamic Model for Play Choice. Included is a discussion of the usefulness of the model in supporting the careful consideration of factors that will increase the perception of fun during therapeutic activities and facilitate client-centered pediatric practice.

One method to determine trends in occupational therapy research is to survey the literature published in occupational therapy journals. This study describes the types and topics of articles published in five prominent occupational therapy journals over a 5-year span. Feature articles published between 2001 and 2005 were analyzed to determine the types of articles and research and subject areas. The percentage of research articles published between 2001 and 2005 increased from 65% to 78% of all articles published and is higher than previous reports. More than 70% of the research articles used designs that substantially contribute to the evidence base for occupational therapy (defined by Kielhofner, Hammel, Finlayson, Helfrich, & Taylor [2004] as correlational–comparison, experimental, qualitative, and meta-analysis). Of the research articles, 60% addressed pediatric, physical disability, and rehabilitation topics. The 5-year period showed a trend of increasing frequency of geriatric and pediatric topics in research reports. Scholars should emphasize research designs that build the evidence for occupational therapy approaches and practices and focus on research topics of highest value to society.

This study describes a single-subject design (ABA with follow-up evaluation) that demonstrated the possible effective use of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in producing gains in movement and function for a 24-month-old child with chronic hemiparesis. The noninvolved upper extremity was placed in a removable splint for 21 consecutive days. The child was involved in intensive occupational therapy in the home environment. Daily measurements were completed on the use and quality of motion of the involved upper extremity for eight specific fine and gross motor activities. Change in performance and quality of movement were measured and significant at the p < .05 level with the calculation of the C statistic for the motor activities with gains maintained after completion of the treatment and postsplinting phases. The results of the study contribute to the body of evidence finding CIMT to be effective for increasing movement and function in children with hemiparesis.

OBJECTIVE. We investigated whether children institutionalized in an orphanage would engage in more developmentally competent play with their caregivers as opposed to playing alone and whether specific qualities of caregiver–child interactions were associated with more developmentally competent play. METHOD. Twenty-six children, ages 10 to 38 months, participated in independent play sessions and in a play session with a caregiver. Interrater reliability for coding play performance was established using the weighted kappa statistic (M = .82). Twelve pediatric experts rated both child and caregiver behaviors for the interactive sessions (mean effective reliability with intraclass correlations = .89). RESULTS. The children demonstrated more developmentally competent play when interacting with a caregiver than when playing alone, t (25) = −1.88, p ≤ .04, one-tailed. The effect size was moderate (d = .53). Longer periods of institutionalization were associated with less improvement in play performance from independent to interactive play sessions (r = −.51, p ≤ .01). Successful engagement for the child was associated with having a caregiver who provided more structure and assistance and who was directive and encouraging (r = .82, .75, .75, and .64, respectively). CONCLUSION. Caregivers facilitated more developmentally competent participation in play with children residing in an orphanage, despite the fact that these interactions occurred in an environment vulnerable to many challenges not typical of an exclusive caregiver–child relationship. Findings are discussed in the context of environmental challenges and occupational therapy practice.