Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. The Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration (EASI) is a new, comprehensive assessment of sensory, motor, and praxis functions. To enhance clinical utility in pediatric practices, concurrent and construct validity of the vestibular and proprioceptive tests were examined. Results showed that the EASI is a valid measure of vestibular and proprioceptive constructs. Primary Author and Speaker: Jenni Petersen Additional Authors and Speakers: Zoe Mailloux, Roseann C. Schaaf Contributing Authors: Marco Leao

Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. This study examined the psychometrics of the Elderly Lifestyle Profile (ELP) that measures individuals' lifestyle. The unidimensionality and data–model fit of the ELP were supported by the Rasch model. OTs working with community-dwelling elderly people can apply ELP to their clients, and the results can be incorporated into the evaluation and intervention planning process for improving health of clients. Primary Author and Speaker: Kanghyun Park Contributing Authors: Ji-Hyuk Park, Ickpyo Hong

Importance: The ScanCourse is used by occupational therapists to evaluate visual scanning ability during locomotion. Its measurement properties have not been examined. Objective: To assess the interrater reliability, test–retest reliability, and construct validity of the ScanCourse. Design: This study involved data collection at two time points. To assess test–retest reliability, the ScanCourse was administered twice within a 2-week period. To assess interrater reliability, a second rater was present for one session. To assess level of agreement, a Bland–Altman plot was created. To assess absolute reliability, the standard error of measurement was calculated. To evaluate construct validity, the results of the ScanCourse were compared with results of the Bells Test and Trail Making Test A and B. Setting: Rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Forty-one patients with neurological impairments. Outcomes and Measures: The ScanCourse (participants identify numbered cards placed on both sides of a hallway at various heights during locomotion). Results: The ScanCourse was found to have excellent interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] [1,1] = .998; 95% confidence interval [CI] [.996–.999]), test–retest reliability (ICC [1,1] = .912; 95% CI [.811–.959]), a high level of agreement, and a low standard error of measurement (.503), and it was found to be significantly correlated with Trails A (r_s = −.436, p = .009) and B (r_s = −.364, p = .029). Conclusions and Relevance: The assessment was found to have strong measurement properties, and it is therefore an appropriate tool for assessing dual-task visual scanning among those with neurological impairments. What This Article Adds: This research demonstrates that the ScanCourse is reliable between raters and over time and that scores on the measure vary as anticipated with scores on a related measure, which provides evidence of its validity. These findings support its use in practice.

OBJECTIVE. Our objective was to evaluate interunit agreement and construct validity of two activity monitors (Actiwatch Score and PRO-Diary) in people with and without spinal cord injury. METHOD. Thirty-eight participants (19 with spinal cord injury; 19 age- and sex-matched controls; mean age = 49 yr) wore both monitors and completed tasks during one visit ranging in physical intensity. To compare activity by group and monitor, we conducted t tests. We assessed interunit agreement using intraclass correlations and Bland–Altman plots. RESULTS. Both monitors demonstrated significantly different increasing physical activity levels with higher intensity tasks. Participants with spinal cord injury had similar activity counts within tasks compared with controls except for walking–wheeling. Agreement was high between monitors across tasks (interclass correlation coefficients = .78–.97). CONCLUSION. Both monitors demonstrated good construct validity for measuring physical activity across activities and high agreement. Either monitor is appropriate to examine physical activity patterns in people with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE. The Health Promoting Activities Scale (HPAS) measures the self-rated frequency with which adults participate in activities that promote health. We evaluated the internal consistency, construct validity, and intrarater reliability of the HPAS with a cohort of mothers (N = 56) of school-age children. METHOD. We used an online survey that included the HPAS and measures of mental and physical health. Statistical analysis included intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), measurement error, error range, limits of agreement, and minimum detectable change (MDC). RESULTS. The HPAS showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .73). Construct validity was supported by a significant difference in HPAS scores among participants grouped by physical activity level; no other differences were significant. Results included a high aggregate ICC of .90 and an MDC of 5 points. CONCLUSION. Our evaluation of the HPAS revealed good reliability and stability, suggesting suitability for ongoing evaluation as an outcome measure.

OBJECTIVE. Having access to high-quality, rigorously developed, valid visual–motor integration assessment tools is the first step in the process of providing effective clinical services to children presenting with visual–motor integration problems. The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure of four visual–motor integration instruments through factor analysis. METHOD. The participants included 400 children ages 5 to 12, recruited from six schools in the Melbourne metropolitan area, Victoria, Australia. Children completed the Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration (VMI), Test of Visual–Motor Integration (TVMI), Test of Visual–Motor Skills–Revised (TVMS–R), and Slosson Visual–Motor Performance Test (SVMPT). The factor analysis was completed using SPSS. RESULTS. Results indicated that the VMI displayed six factors; TVMI, three factors; TVMS–R, four factors; and SVMPT, three factors. CONCLUSION. The VMI, TVMI, TVMS–R, and SVMPT exhibited multidimensionality, and it is recommended that the instruments be revised to enhance their construct validity and unidimensionality.

OBJECTIVE. We describe the development and examination of the construct validity of the Quality of Life in School (QoLS) questionnaire for elementary-age students. METHOD. The QoLS evolved through four phases in which we devised its items and examined its construct validity. Examination of the construct validity of the final version of the QoLS included 353 students in third through sixth grades. RESULTS. Factor analysis identified four categories within the questionnaire’s items: student–teacher relations, school and classroom physical environment, positive feelings toward school, and negative feelings toward school. Internal consistency indicated a high correlation among the items in each of the factors. In addition, third-grade students reported significantly higher perception of school quality of life (QOL) than their older peers. CONCLUSION. The QoLS may assist clinicians and educators in evaluating students’ school QOL from a multidimensional perspective, including the school’s physical environment, which has received little attention.

OBJECTIVE. Interrater agreement and construct validity of the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale (RKPPS) were examined. METHOD. Two separately trained raters evaluated 38 typically developing children, ages 36 to 72 months. For each child, the raters observed two 15-min free-play sessions. RESULTS. For the overall play age, the scores of the two raters were within 8 months of each other 86.8% of the time; for the 4 dimension scores, they were within 12 months of each other 91.7% to 100% of the time; and for the 12 category scores, they were within one age level of each other 81.8% to 100% of the time. Construct validity results showed a general match between the children’s chronological ages and their overall play age scores. CONCLUSIONS. Findings suggest that two raters can score the RKPPS with some consistency and that scores on this measure progress developmentally, thus supporting its construct validity.

OBJECTIVE. The authors examined the construct and predictive validity and internal reliability of the Visual Recognition Slide Test developed at the University of Sydney (VRST–USyd). METHOD. A historical cohort study using retrospective descriptive analysis of VRST–USyd scores and on-road driving performance for 838 drivers with impairments was conducted. RESULTS. Rasch analysis provided evidence for the construct validity and internal reliability of the VRST–USyd. Goodness-of-fit statistics for all items were acceptable. The test had high participant and item reliability indexes and separated the participants into four groups with varying levels of skill. Using a cutoff score of 95/164, the sensitivity of the test was 81%, and the specificity was 90%. However, when coupled with clinicians’ judgment of participants’ awareness of their driving performance during the on-road assessment, this score improved. CONCLUSION. There is evidence for reliability and construct and predictive validity of the VRST–USyd. The measurement of awareness requires further research.

The purpose of this study was to report the development of the Falls Behavioral (FaB) Scale for Older People, an assessment designed to evaluate behavioral factors that could potentially protect against falling. Instrument development included content analysis, expert review, and factor analysis. Ten behavioral dimensions were identified including Cognitive Adaptations, Protective Mobility, Avoidance, Awareness, Pace, Practical Strategies, Displacing Activities, Being Observant, Changes in Level, and Getting to the Phone. The final 30item scale had a Content Validity Index of 0.93. Test–retest reliability was ICC = 0.94 (p < .01). Construct validity was established by showing that, as expected, scale scores were positively associated with increasing age (rs = 0.46, p < .01) and negatively associated with greater physical mobility (rs = −0.68, p < .01). People who had fallen utilized safer behaviors than those who had not reported a fall (p < .05) providing a benchmark for using the scale in future studies. The FaB is an easily completed, reliable, and valid tool for determining the presence or absence of protective behaviors. It has potential to assist in goal setting for falls prevention and to evaluate behavioral outcomes of fall prevention programs.

OBJECTIVE. The Árnadóttir OT-ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE) is a standardized assessment that links performance in activities of daily living (ADL) to neurobehavioral impairments. This study tested the construct validity of the A-ONE. METHOD. From two hospitals in Iceland, 42 patients between 45 and 87 years of age who had sustained either a right or a left cerebrovascular accident (CVA) were evaluated on the Functional Independence Scale (FIS) and Neurobehavioral Specific Impairment Subscale (NSIS) of the A-ONE. The Mann Whitney U test and chi-square test were used to explore possible differences between the performance of participants with left and right CVA. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic data and for items on the FIS and NSIS. The level of significance was set at p < .05. RESULTS. Three of 18 ADL items observed on the FIS and 13 of 46 items on the NSIS discriminated at a statistically significant level between the left and right CVA groups. CONCLUSION. The results provide minimal support for the construct validity of the A-ONE related to differentiating between ADL performance of persons with left and right CVA. However, results regarding the ability of the A-ONE to detect and lateralize impairments agreed with literature regarding lesion sites for the impairments.