Abstract
Note from the AJOT Editor-in-Chief: Since 2010, the American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT) has adopted reporting standards based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement and American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines in an effort to publish transparent clinical research that can be easily evaluated for methodological and analytical rigor (APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards, 2008; Moher, Schulz, & Altman, 2001). AJOT has now joined 28 other major rehabilitation and disability journals in a collaborative initiative to enhance clinical research reporting standards through adoption of the EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines, described below. Authors will now be required to use these guidelines in the preparation of manuscripts that will be submitted to AJOT. Reviewers will also use these guidelines to evaluate the quality and rigor of all AJOT submissions. By adopting these standards we hope to further enhance the quality and clinical applicability of articles to our readers.
With the remarkable growth of disability- and rehabilitation-related research in the last decade, it is imperative that we support the highest quality research possible. With cuts in research funding, rehabilitation research is now under a microscope like never before, and it is critical that we put our best foot forward.
To ensure the quality of the disability and rehabilitation research that is published, the 28 rehabilitation journals simultaneously publishing this editorial (see Acknowledgments) have agreed to take a more aggressive stance on the use of reporting guidelines.* Research reports must contain sufficient information to allow readers to understand how a study was designed and conducted, including variable definitions, instruments and other measures, and analytic techniques (Moher, Simera, Schulz, Hoey, & Altman, 2008). For review articles, be they systematic or narrative, readers should be informed of the rationale and details behind the literature search strategy. Too often, articles fail to include their standard for inclusion and their criteria for evaluating quality of the studies (Simera, Altman, Moher, Schulz, & Hoey, 2008). As noted by Doug Altman, co-originator of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement and Head of the Centre for Statistics in Medicine at Oxford University: “Good reporting is not an optional extra: It is an essential component of good research… . We all share this obligation and responsibility” (2008).
What are reporting guidelines?
Reporting guidelines are documents that assist authors in reporting research methods and findings. They are typically presented as checklists or flow diagrams that lay out the core reporting criteria required to give a clear account of a study’s methods and results. The intent is not just that authors complete a specific reporting checklist, but that they ensure that their manuscripts contain key elements. Reporting guidelines should be seen not as an administrative burden but rather as a template by which an author can construct their articles more completely.
Reporting guidelines have been developed for almost every study design. More information on the design, use, and array of reporting guidelines can be found on the website for the Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research (EQUATOR) Network, an important organization that promotes improvements in the accuracy and comprehensiveness of reporting (EQUATOR Network, n.d.). Examples include the following:
CONSORT for randomized controlled trials (http://www.consort-statement.org)
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) for observational studies (http://strobe-statement.org/)
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (http://www.prisma-statement.org/)
Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) for studies of diagnostic accuracy (http://www.stard-statement.org/)
Case Reports (CARE) for case reports (http://www.care-statement.org/).
There is accumulating evidence that the use of reporting guidelines improves the quality of research. Turner, Shamseer, Altman, Schul, & Moher (2012) established that the use of the CONSORT Statement improved the completeness of reporting in randomized controlled trials. Diagnostic accuracy studies appeared to show improvement in reporting standards when the STARD guidelines were applied (Smidt et al., 2006). Early evidence also suggests that inclusion of reporting standards during peer review raises manuscript quality (Cobo et al., 2011). The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors now encourages all journals to monitor reporting standards and collect associated reporting guideline checklists in the process (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, 2013). Furthermore, the U.S. National Library of Medicine (2013) also now actively promotes the use of reporting guidelines.
How will reporting guidelines be integrated into the manuscript flow?
By January 1, 2015, all the journals publishing this editorial will have worked through implementation and the mandatory use of guidelines, and checklists will be firmly in place. Because each journal has its unique system for managing submissions, there may be several ways that these reporting requirements will be integrated into the manuscript flow. Some journals will make adherence to reporting criteria and associated checklists mandatory for all submissions. Other journals may require them only when the manuscript is closer to acceptance for publication. In any case, the onus will be on the author not only to ensure the inclusion of the appropriate reporting criteria but also to document evidence of inclusion through the use of the reporting guideline checklists. Authors should consult the Instructions for Authors of participating journals for more information.
We hope that simultaneous implementation of this new reporting requirement will send a strong message to all disability and rehabilitation researchers of the need to adhere to the highest standards when performing and disseminating research. While we expect that there will be growing pains with this process, we hope that within a short period, researchers will begin to use these guidelines during the design phases of their research, thereby improving their methods. The potential benefits to authors are obvious: Articles are improved through superior reporting of a study’s design and methods, and the usefulness of the article to readers is enhanced. Reporting guidelines also allow for greater transparency in reporting how studies were conducted and can help, hopefully during the peer review process, to expose misleading or selective reporting. Reporting guidelines are an important tool to assist authors in the structural development of a manuscript, eventually allowing an article to realize its full potential.
Acknowledgments
As this issue went to press, the following editors-in-chief had agreed to participate in the initiative to mandate reporting guidelines and publish this position statement in their respective journals. As a collective group, we encourage others to adopt these guidelines and welcome them to share this editorial with their readerships.
Sharon A. Gutman, PhD, OTR
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
Walter R. Frontera, MD, PhD
American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Leighton Chan, MD, MPH, and Allen W. Heinemann, PhD, ABBR
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Helene J. Polatajko, PhD, OT(C)
Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
Derick T. Wade, MD
Clinical Rehabilitation
Suzanne McDermott, PhD, and Margaret A. Turk, MD
Disability and Health Journal
Stefano Negrini, MD
European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Steven Vogel, DO(Hon)
The International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
Črt Marinček, MD, PhD
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research
M. Solomonow, PhD, MD(hon)
Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Paolo Bonato, PhD
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
Edelle [Edee] Field-Fote, PT, PhD
Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy
Guy G. Simoneau, PhD, PT
Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports PhysicalTherapy (JOSPT)
Mark Elkins, PhD, MHSc, BA, BPhty
Journal of Physiotherapy
Stacieann C. Yuhasz, PhD
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
Bengt H. Sjölund, MD, DMSc
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Carl G. Mattacola, PhD, ATC
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation
Ann Moore, PhD, and Gwendolen Jull, PhD
Manual Therapy
Randolph J. Nudo, PhD
Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
Kathleen Matuska, PhD, OTR/L
OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health
Ann F. Van Sant, PT, PhD
Pediatric Physical Therapy
Greg Carter, MD
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
Rebecca L. Craik, PT, PhD
Physical Therapy
Dina Brooks, PhD
Physiotherapy Canada
Stuart M. Weinstein, MD
PM&R
Elaine L. Miller, PhD, RN
Rehabilitation Nursing
Elliot J. Roth, MD
Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation
Dilşad Sindel, MD
Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
References
Physical Therapy, the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, the Journal of Physiotherapy, and the European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine have already successfully required reporting guidelines, one journal for as many as 10 years.
From “Elevating the Quality of Disability and Rehabilitation Research: Mandatory Use of the Reporting Guidelines,” by L. Chan, A. W. Heinemann, & J. Roberts, 2014, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95, 415–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.12.010. Reprinted under a Creative Commons license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en_US